82. According to the expectancy model, instrumentality refers to the relationship between performance and effort.
ANS: F
Instrumentality refers to the relationship between performance and rewards.
83. According to the expectancy model, an individual's preference for a particular second-level outcome is called valence.
ANS: T
84. Researchers are still working on ways to test the expectancy theory, which has presented a number of problems for the development and interpretation of research results.
ANS: T
85. In cultures where people believe the work environment and their own behavior are not completely under their control, the assumptions of the expectancy model may not be valid.
ANS: T
86. Expectancy theory works best in cultures that emphasize internal attribution, such as the United States and Canada. The assumptions of the model may not be valid in cultures where people believe that the work environment and their own behaviors are not completely under their control, such as Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Japan, and China, but are determined by fate.
ANS: T
87. An important implication of expectancy theory is that in order to motivate employees, managers should choose outcomes that all employees value.
ANS: F
Managers should try to determine what outcomes each employee values. Employees value outcomes differently.
ANS: F
Instrumentality refers to the relationship between performance and rewards.
83. According to the expectancy model, an individual's preference for a particular second-level outcome is called valence.
ANS: T
84. Researchers are still working on ways to test the expectancy theory, which has presented a number of problems for the development and interpretation of research results.
ANS: T
85. In cultures where people believe the work environment and their own behavior are not completely under their control, the assumptions of the expectancy model may not be valid.
ANS: T
86. Expectancy theory works best in cultures that emphasize internal attribution, such as the United States and Canada. The assumptions of the model may not be valid in cultures where people believe that the work environment and their own behaviors are not completely under their control, such as Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Japan, and China, but are determined by fate.
ANS: T
87. An important implication of expectancy theory is that in order to motivate employees, managers should choose outcomes that all employees value.
ANS: F
Managers should try to determine what outcomes each employee values. Employees value outcomes differently.
Instrumentality refers to the relationship between performance and rewards
![Instrumentality refers to the relationship between performance and rewards]()
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